Residential complexes and the risk of the “city-as-compound” regime Authors Nickolay Kovalev Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8888-5572 Tatiana Meisner National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-0881 Eleonora Barkova Plekhanov Russian University of Economics https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0513-1176 Downloads PDF (Русский) DOI: https://doi.org/10.51461/issn.2309-3072/87.2735 Keywords: residential complexes, public space, street network, urban environmental quality, eco-humanization Abstract The widespread replication of residential complexes increases the risk that everyday life becomes enclosed within private perimeters, weakening the city’s public framework. The study identifies the mechanism through which an “archipelago of residential complexes” forms and delineates the features of a “residential-complex regime.” The paper formulates design and regulatory principles – permeability and connectivity, genuine publicness, functional-temporal mixing, ecological resilience of the external urban edge, and fairness of access. Institutionalising these principles reduces urban fragmentation and the displacement of externalities. How to Cite Kovalev, N., Meisner, T., & Barkova, E. (2026). Residential complexes and the risk of the “city-as-compound” regime. Project Baikal, 23(87). https://doi.org/10.51461/issn.2309-3072/87.2735 More Citation Formats ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver Download Citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX Published 2026-04-01 Issue No. 87 (2026): residential complexes Section refereed articles License Copyright (c) 2026 Николай Ковалев, Татьяна Майснер, Элеонора Баркова This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. References Dogan, O., Han, J., & Lee, S. (2021). Opening gated communities and neighborhood accessibility benefits: The case of Seoul, Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), Article 4255, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084255 Droin, A., Wurm, M., Weigand, M., et al. (2024). How does pedestrian permeability vary in and across cities? A fine-grained assessment for all large cities in Germany. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 110, 102115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2024.102115 Dukhanov, S. S. (2024). Planning Project for the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, 1958: Its Place in the History of Soviet Architecture. Academia. Architecture and Construction, 4, 72–81. DOI: 10.22337/2077-9038-2024-4-81-90. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press. Ilyichev, V. A. (2020). Urban planning: transformation of the city into a biosphere-compatible and human-developing city. In Sotsiologiia i obshchestvo: traditsii i innovatsii v sotsial’nom razvitii regionov [Sociology and Society: Traditions and Innovations in the Social Development of Regions] (Proceedings of the VI All-Russian Sociological Congress, pp. 4741–4747). https://doi.org/10.19181/kongress.2020.560 Kashef, M. (2023). Mixed-use and Street Network Attributes of Vibrant Urban Settings. Architecture and Urban Planning, 19(1),188–199. DOI:10.2478/aup-2023-0017. Kovács, Z. (2014). New post-socialist urban landscapes: The emergence of gated communities in East Central Europe. Cities, 36, 179–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.09.001 Leclercq, E., & Pojani, D. (2021). Public space privatisation: Are users concerned? Journal of Urbanism, 16(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2021.1933572 Meisner, T. N. (2024). Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ goroda: Sotsiokul’turnaya dinamika, sovremennye ugrozy i strategii obespecheniya [Ecological safety of the city: Sociocultural dynamics, contemporary threats, and strategies for ensuring] (Doctoral dissertation). Novocherkassk, Russia. (EDN MJQIFL). National Academy of Engineering & National Research Council. (2010). The Power of Renewables: Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. DOI:10.17226/12987. National Transport Authority. (2015). Permeability best practice guide [Guide]. Retrieved November 16, 2025, from https://www.nationaltransport.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NTA_Permeability_Best_Practice_Guide_24.08.2015.pdf Pafka, E., & Dovey, K. (2017). Permeability and interface catchment: Measuring and mapping walkable access. Journal of Urbanism, 10(2), 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2016.1220413 Roitman, S. (2010). Gated communities: Definitions, causes and consequences. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Urban Design and Planning, 163(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.2010.163.1.31 Shao, X., Zhong, Y., Liu, W., & Li, R.Y.M. (2021). Modeling the effect of green technology innovation and renewable energy on carbon neutrality in N-11 countries? Evidence from advance panel estimations. Journal of Environmental Management, 296, 113189. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113189. Tariq, G., Hussain, M. A., Al-Shboul, M., Ding, G., & Sun, H. (2025). Impacts of green and non-green energies production and R&D on ecological and carbon footprints. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 43412. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11839-5 Yang, S., Tan, W., & Yan, L. (2021). Evaluating accessibility benefits of opening gated communities for pedestrians and cyclists in China: A case study of Shanghai. Sustainability, 13(2), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020598